By Jessica
All the different variety of flours can be confusing, which is why i figured it would be good to know what distinguished them. When speaking about "soft" wheat means that it is lower in gluten. "Hard" wheat means it is great for breads because it is higher in gluten (the stuff that makes dough elastic resulting in a better bread).
I dont give a sift!
Well you should!
Sifting flour is very important for your lighter cakes and baked goods. It removes any clumps and results in a finer product.
Bleached vs. Unbleached:
Fresh flour has a yellow tint to it after it is milled. it isn't until it is exposed to oxygen that it turns whiter in a month or two and is subsequently better for baking. Letting the flour age naturally this way is not exactly efficient or economical which is why they add chemicals to mimic this process.
What do they use to bleach?
Usual bleaching agents are:
- Benzoyl peroxide
- Calcium peroxide
- Nitrogen dioxide
- Chlorine
- Chlorine dioxide
- Azodicarbonamide
- Atmospheric oxygen, used during natural aging of flour
Just because a flour is unbleached doesn't mean other additives are not introduced, in particular potassium bromate. Bromate helps the baking process yet primary concern comes from studies where lab rats show tumors after exposure. I know.... I cringed too. The U.K. and other countries ban the use of these chemicals in flour. In some countries where bleaching is prohibited due to health concerns,
commercial microwaves can mimic the process of bleaching. Since nutrients are lost in the bleaching process U.S. law requires nutrients to be added back in or "enriched".
Unbleached tends to have a higher protein amount which means its better
for things such as eclairs, puff pastry, yeast breads. Bleached
flour is chemically treated will work better for pie crust, cookies and pancakes.
Anatomy class!
I bet you always wanted to know what the anatomy of a grain looked like!
It should be noted that there is a difference between Northern and Southern flour. The Yankee
flours have a higher protein content which makes it great for bread. The
Confederate flours are great for pastry making since they are lower in protein.
All purpose: Flour that does not have any leavening agents added. Its a blend of hard and soft wheat which makes it versatile. It has a bit less protein than bread flour. This can be bleached or unbleached.
Whole Wheat: Is derived from the wheat kernel. It still had some of the germ and bran to it which gives it a brown color. Contains protein, iron and fiber which come from the small remains of the grain that are left in the flour. Baked goods do not rise as well when using this. If you use this in recipes instead of all purpose flour use 7/8 of a cup for every cup of regular flour. It has a shorter shelf life (about five months) unless refrigerated. White whole wheat is flour that is made from the hard white wheat rather than traditional red wheat. White whole wheat is better for pastries because of its low gluten and protein content.
Cake: This is made from the endosperm of wheat (the softest part of the wheat kernel ) and therefore has a soft texture. It has the lowest level of protein of any wheat flour. This bleached flour is best for light cakes and baked goods because of its lack of gluten (the stuff that makes bread...bread).
For 1 cup cake flour:
- 1 cup all purpose flour minus 2 Tablespoons
- Two Tablespoons of cornstarch.
Pastry: Like Cake flour, pastry flour is also made from soft wheat. Its gluten content is less than all purpose flour but more than cake flour. Makes a tender but crumbly crust and great for muffins, biscuits, cookies and more.
For 1 cup pastry flour:
- 1/4 cup cake flour
- 2/3 all purpose flour
Self rising: Has baking soda and salt added prior to packaging. most recipes that use this wont call for other leavening agents since has them already in it.
For 1 cup self-rising flour use:
- 1 cup all-purpose flour
- 1 1/4 teaspoon baking powder
- a pinch of salt.
Bread: a high gluten flour that contains malted barley and vitamin c or potassium bromate added. These help to develop yeast and improve the elasticity of the bread. When making a bread flour substitute keep in mind that the end result may not always be pleasant.
For 1 Cup bread:
- 1 cup all purpose flour plus 1 Tablespoon.
Spelt: is from spelt wheat. It is used as a substitute for people with gluten allergies. has a nutty, sweet flavor much like whole wheat.